Legislating Reproductive Rights: The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 :: Politics Political Research Papers

Administering Reproductive Rights: The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 Theoretical While no government enactment presently exists constraining access to premature births when all is said in done, in 2003, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act turned into the main bit of bureaucratic enactment to control a specific fetus removal technique. This particular system, referred to in the clinical network as flawless expansion and extraction, is a technique used to end late-term pregnancies and is at times the most secure strategy for doing as such. Since the ban’s sanctioning, it has been tested and vanquished in government court multiple times because of its unclear language which can be translated to infringe upon the central right to premature birth. Moreover, the boycott has been seen as an illegal infringement of built up case law relating to explicit fetus removal methods because of its unclear language and absence of a wellbeing exemption to ensure the woman’s prosperity. This paper additionally presents inquire about proposing that the genuine purpose o f the boycott is to dissolve the fundamental sacred option to pick and that decisions against the boycott ought to be maintained. Presentation The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 professes to confine a particular fetus removal methodology known as flawless enlargement and extraction (D&X), which is in some cases the most secure strategy for prematurely ending late-term pregnancies. Numerous variables add to the requirement for late-term premature births and the outcomes of denying fetus removal can be adverse to a woman’s prosperity. Confining a particular methodology would restrain safe alternatives accessible to ladies and their primary care physicians. In spite of the fact that the option to get an early premature birth has been built up as a principal freedom, this Act utilizes ambiguous language that could reach out to different types of fetus removal performed before in a pregnancy and neglects to incorporate a special case to safeguard the woman’s wellbeing. This paper will coordinate past choices in regards to premature birth with a precise depiction of the enlargement and extraction methodology so as to exhibit how the Act’s absence of lucidity may bring about its application to various techniques. Subsequently, it is a planned endeavor to dissolve the privileges of ladies. Ladies merit the option to pick what befalls their bodies, particularly when practically 50% of every spontaneous pregnancy, about 1.31 million every year, are ended by premature birth (â€Å"Overview†). To endeavor to boycott a particular technique utilizing ambiguous language may by chance stretch out to unavoidably ensured types of fetus removal, importantly impinging on our established rights, ignoring appropriate case law and imperiling women’s prosperity.

Deregulation Act of 1978 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Deregulation Act of 1978 - Essay Example The Airline Deregulation Act’s aim was to stop government command over aircraft industry arrangements. The control was significantly over courses, passages, and market section of new carriers from business avionics. The legislature affirmed this Act on 24th October, 1978 and President Jimmy Carter marked it into law four days after the fact (Kaps, 1997). Prior to the Act, the industry was all the more an open utility with an administration organization. The CAB; Civil Aeronautics Board decided the courses taken by every aircraft and the costs they charged their travelers. This has changed since the time after the fuse of the Act which has seen the market move to a market â€driven industry. The client request decided the degree of administration and value charge. The deregulation Act dropped by after a few imperfections in the aircraft business. One of them was the Middle Eastern oil case; this prompted an ascent in cost of fuel costs. This shoot up in fuel cost prompted value expansion. Another imperfection was the improvement of the wide body airplane that took into account carriage of expanded ability to various and numerous courses with one flight. These two cases came when there was a monetary fall that prompted a strain on the aircrafts. This fall prompted disappointment in the carrier organizations, and rising fuel costs didn't help the circumstance by any stretch of the imagination. The Civil Aeronautics Board because of this circumstance and attempting to guarantee sensible return for the aircrafts permitted the various transporters to build charges. It additionally set out on a multi year suspension by the bearers on approving new administrations and affirmed understandings among the aircrafts to confine the carriage limit on explicit courses. The general population didn't greet this move wholeheartedly the tolls had expanded. The carriers likewise didn't see a lot of progress on the Civil Aeronautics Board last choice as through the 1970’s their income were poor regardless of the

12 Things Youre Doing Every Day that Can Be Automated

12 Things Youre Doing Every Day that Can Be Automated Running your own business is, most of the time, pretty damned hard work and consequently, time consuming. And I’m not just talking here about managing daily administrative tasks and keeping track of your employees’ work schedule, or monitoring your expenses and handling customer complaints. I’m talking about all those “little things” that you must perform day in and day out, and that can take hours out of your working timetable. Automating redundant activities (such as emails, presentations, meeting notes, etc.) can free up valuable time so you can focus on those things that you’re really passionate about, such as finding new creative ways of helping your customers, spending more time at the beach with your family, or watching the newest episode of Game of Thrones (Im not going to ask which one comes first). Fortunately, there’s a huge range of web-based tools out there that you can use to automate your business processes and boost your company’s productivity (as well as your own). Here are 12 things that you can automate to make the most out of your working day: Creating a Presentation in 1…2…Ready! The first things that come to mind when someone mentions creating a presentation are, most likely, PowerPoint or Prezi. Yet for novices, these tools might seem a bit too complex, and it may take hours until you can actually figure out what you’re trying to do and get all your ideas organized. MindMeisterâ€"actually a brainstorming toolâ€"offers a unique method of creating good-looking, dynamic presentations with just a few clicks. “In one single map you brainstorm topics, add media and formattings, create your slides and even present them live to your collaborators.” It’s just that easy! Email-Free, Team-Focused Communication Yes, you read it right: no emails. Slack came into my life at exactly the right time. My team was growing and it was getting more and more difficult to manage email communication with a larger number of people. Slack is my communication with people at my company alone, all in one place, instantly searchable and accessible. It lets you organize team conversations into separate private or public channels as well as drag, drop and share all sorts of files while automatically indexing and archiving them. According to a company survey, “Slack users saw 48.6% fewer internal emails and held 25.1% fewer meetings after installing and using the app, leading to a 32% overall increase in productivity”. What are you waiting for? Ditch your email service and never look back! If You  Cant Say Goodbye to Emails Though… So you’re too fond of your email and you’re not quite ready to part with it just yet. Emails, if  used  correctly, can still save you precious time and provide you with valuable data. The very first thing you can do is to automatically set up your email client to create email templates (aka Canned Responses if youre using Gmail) and customized signatures so you won’t have to write emails from scratch every single time. Still Posting to Social Media Sites Manually? Stop Now. Keeping your brand active on social media can easily be a full-time job: posts after posts, updates after updates, it all requires a constant eye on. Tools like Buffer or Hootsuite or even editorial calendars like CoSchedule let you schedule and automate your social media posts well in advance so that you don’t need to sit at your desk every time you need to manually post something. You can also manage dozens of social media accounts in one place, assign certain accounts to a colleague, or monitor what people say about you. Let the News Come to You Don’t waste precious time browsing through hundreds of news that happen daily. There are media collection systems that you can use which learn your reading habits and only gather the articles that you really want to read. Other apps like Zolt or Circa, recently resurrected, allow you to sort through the news and send you concise coverage straight to your smartphone. Alternatively, you can subscribe to services such as TheSkimm, which sends a skimmed version of global news to your inbox every morning. Computer Back-Ups Start scheduling your computer back-ups automatically. This way you will never forget to do it, your data is safe and you won’t get any interruptions or slowdowns to your daily working routine. Scanning Documents You can speed up scanning documents with apps like Scanbot or CamScanner that let you instantly scan documents such as notes, receipts or invoices from your mobile device and then manage, sync, update and share them no matter where you are. You can also directly select a document and fax it to over 30 countries. Self-Updating Contact Book How many times did it happen to you that you tried to contact a business partner or a friend, only to find out that their number is no longer the same and working? Let’s be honest, usually, you update your address book AFTER it already happened. What if your contacts could update their contact information directly in your address book? Crazy, right? No, Addappt is already on it and lets your saved contacts do just that. “I Don’t Wanna Miss a Thing…” If you’re like me, chances are that you have your work phone and laptop, your personal phone and laptop, and maybe a tablet when on the go. Needless to say you can easily get lost in the amount of incoming messages. There’s a new app in town for those who use more than one device. Pushover smartly organizes messages and notifications from all your devices in one common space. It basically sends push messages to any smartphone and places your messages in one unified inbox, making it a good choice for the stay-connected-all-the-time entrepreneur. All Your Travel Info in One Place I travel a lot. Chances are I’m on a business trip every other week. Since I can’t afford a personal assistant to handle all my travel plans for me (yet!), I’ve started using TripIt, an app which manages all your travel information, regardless of where you bought your ticket from. All you need to do is forward all your travel emails to the app and it will create a master itinerary that you can access at any time and on any device. ASAP Proofreading of Your Documents Unless you’re a writer yourself or you’ve already got one hired, editing and proofreading documents can be a hassle, especially if the clock is ticking on that particular project. There are a few apps out there such as Grammarly, an online platform that corrects grammar mistakes, catches contextual spelling errors and poor vocabulary usage. Simply upload your document onto their site or download a browser extension to make proofreading of any text automatic. Easily Fill in Online Forms I don’t know about you, but I’m not a big fan of filling in forms online. Some of themâ€"subscribing to emails or signing up for an online serviceâ€"can be quite long and take up time I don’t have. Technology such as Roboform saves us once more by allowing you to store data like name, address, billing information, etc., on your computer and use it automatically to fill in forms. There’s no greater and more satisfying sight than an already pre-filled form. This is a guest post by Sergiu Bancos. Sergiu is a senior writer with a passion for web and technology, consciousness and spirituality. Hes on a mission to make it easier for people to understand and use technology for a better life.

Annotated Bibliography College Tuition - 1697 Words

Ben Jauquet Brooke Dyer English Comp 82813 November 7 2014 Annotated Bibliography: College Tuition Ayres, Ian. Why Californias Tuition Hike Might Be a Good Thing. Freakonomics RSS. Freakonomics, 23 Nov. 2009. Web. 07 Nov. 2014. According to this article the gap in college has become larger as of late because of students financial situations. Public universities cost on average one forth of private universities. The wealthier students benefit from this because of the way financial aid operates. When the tuition cost are raised it benefits the poorer students because financial aid will pick up the difference having almost no difference in what they are paying without aid. This intern makes up for the wealthy students who will most†¦show more content†¦Many middle to lower class families cannot afford to send their kids to school and with Ivy League schools like Harvard and Princeton giving out generous financial packages to their student, who mostly come from wealthy background. The poorer students are on the losing end because they are not given the opportunity for aid. As Terry Hartle, the senior vice president of the American Council of Education, says, Smart poor kids go to college at the same ra te as stupid rich kids. What this is saying is that the wealthy families have vastly more opportunity to succeed in the college system even though they have equal or lesser smarts. Well respected schools such as NYU are now admitting students based on the financial fit not by merit. Through this recent recession the gap for financial aid has become increasingly large due to the fact that colleges are basing some of their applications by their financial situation. This in turn creates widening on lower to middle class families who cannot send their children to school because the cost are too great to bear with large amounts of financial aid. The wealthy students are not only being accepted to these pricy private universities but are being given grant and aid so that they can make it through. The poorer students are not even given the chance to attend those school not because of their brain but because of their lack of funding. In today’s society were the upper class has become very distant to the middle andShow MoreRelatedFree Education Should Be Provided At Public Institutions874 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography THESIS STATEMENT: Free education should be provided at public institutions in order to promote and encourage students to gain the education they need to survive in today’s economy. Jeje, B., Rodriguez, B. (2016). Why free higher ed can’t wait. Dollars and Sense, 323,5-8 Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.lib.kaplan.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid =5b00db8e-d3d7-4c31-8816-315c3b2c6f4d%40sessionmgr4002vid=3hid=4103 Dollars and Sense is a non-profitRead MoreMoving Towards Baccalaureate Prepared Nurses1060 Words   |  5 Pagesnurses are unable to afford tuition, books, fees, and supplies. In 2008, the tuition alone cost roughly $28,000 for state residents and $93,000 for non-residents at the University of Washington (Lee, n.d.). An Ivy League school, such as the University of Pennsylvania, charges approximately $150,000 while a hospital-affiliated nursing school requires $55,000 for residents and $100,000 for non-residents (Lee, n.d.). 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According to a survey conducted by an independent and nonprofit organization, two-thirds of college seniors graduated with loans in 2010, and each of them carried an average of $25,250 in debt. (Reed et. al., par. 2). My research question will focus on the profound effect of education debt on American college graduates’ lives, and myRead MoreInternet Gambling is Affecting the Lives of Many684 Words   |  3 PagesAnnotated Bibliography on Internet Gambling Brown, Stuart J. The Surge in Online Gambling on College Campuses. New Directions for Student Services 2006.113 (2006): 53-61. Print. Retrieved February 25, 2014. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=453a0229-2511-46c3-9499-6a133a2aa892%40sessionmgr198vid=5hid=112 This article summarizes how the growth of internet gambling is affecting the lives of many college students. It does this by explaining that once people reach collegeRead MoreThe Story Of My Search1366 Words   |  6 Pagesdecision to take on this big challenge. She viewed the challenge as a journey for herself, and for all nineteenth century women (Stevenson). Achieving her Journey. Elizabeth Blackwell knew that the tuition for medical school was going to be very expensive. To help pay for her medical school tuition, she found a job working as a piano teacher at an all girls school in North Carolina, and began saving her money (Stevenson). After two years, Elizabeth moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ThereRead MoreFinancial Support for Mens and Womens Athletics: Gender Discrimination1399 Words   |  6 Pagesto address this and many other questions regarding the advancement of financial support to female and male athletics. Financial Support for Mens and Womens Athletics It has been argued in some quarters that the number of men participating in college athletics is much higher than that of women participating in the same. This can in one way or the other be taken to mean that women are less interested in athletics than their male counterparts. In such a case, advancing equal financial support toRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography1469 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Tyre, Peg. The Writing Revolution. The Atlantic. The Atlantic, Oct. 2012. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. The writing Revolution is written by Peg Tyre, who is the director of strategy at the Edwin Gould Foundation. He describes an education reform the occurred at Dorp High School, a school which otherwise may have been closed due to poor academic performance. The schools leader, Deirdre DeAngelis, drastically reformed the school’s curriculum and teaching methodologyRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography1923 Words   |  8 PagesFebruary 1, 2014 Annotated Bibliography Carlson, Scott. Is College Worth It? 2 New Reports Say Yes (Mostly). Chronicles of Higher Education. 60.11 (2013): A25. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. . Scott Carlson, a talented writer studied English Literature in college and then went on to win first prize for beat reporting from the National Education Writers Association. Not long after in 1999, he joined the Chronicle of Higher Education. While here he wrote a scholarly journal article, â€Å"Is College Worth It? 2 NewRead MoreBe Patient For Parking Space1872 Words   |  8 PagesYuemeng (Lena) Zhao Professor Nava ENGLISH 1B 13 NOV 2015 Be Patient for Parking The shortage of parking space in America s college is becoming an extremely concerned problem. This parking issue is highly impacting students campus life. Many college students, even faculties, and visitors find that it is hard to park on campus, especially at some busy times. The situation is that students would encounter parking is so scarce, and they have to wait for somebody to leave and take their spots

The Creation And Collapse Of Unified German Empire

The period of one hundred years spanning from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid twentieth century was one hundred years of monumental change. It saw the end of American slavery, the creation and collapse of unified German Empire, the creation of Eastern European nation states that emerged from the wreckage of the Austro-Hungarian Empire only to fall to the Soviet Union within a few decades, two world wars, the invention of cars and their erasure of horses from everyday transportation, the development of nuclear weapons, and the novel concept of photographs become televisions in the home of the average American family. This period of radical change was made possible by men who saw the possibility of changing the world and perused it. Regimes fell, borders were redrawn, and from the ranks of revolutionaries the leaders who would create new orders rose. Those with innovative ideas, creativity, and the right combination of skills and resources created the material goods that shaped t hese crucial years. But as the world progressed at an alarming rate, there were those who wished to preserve the traditions and values of the past. This desire existed even among the same minds who brought about the revolutions of the era, and they found themselves struggling to find the middle ground between these two different objectives. Among them were American automobile manufacturer Henry Ford, Mexican President Profirio Diaz, and the Turkish President Mustafa Kamal. While the latter twoShow MoreRelatedEuropean Nations that Were Formed Due to Nationalist Ideas1643 Words   |  7 Pagesare today. Before about the middle of the nineteenth century Europe consisted of various regions ruled by dynastic empires. These monarchies had absolute power over their subjects and there was no sense of nationalism or the idea of betterment of the general population. Various social and technological changes helped pave the way for ideas of nationalism. Although the idea of the creation of the nation state began with the advent of the French Revolution but it took more than a century for the ideasRead MoreThe Conflict Between Ethnic Minorities And Native Citizens1494 Words   |  6 Pagescase study is that Germany has one of the most complicated and nuanced history of nationalist identity. While still lagging behind political representation in several other European democracies, more ethnic minorities and immigrants have entered the German territory in 2013 than ever before.   With one of the most complex historical formations of identity, Germany has undergone dramatic change in national narrative.  From insisting that Germany was not a country of immigration throughout the 1990s toRead MoreLocated Between Russia And The West, East Central Europe1458 Words   |  6 PagesLocated between Russia and the West, East Central Europe is an area that has constantly been caught in turmoil, usually because of the two geographical areas that it lies between. It was born only after the creation of Western and Eastern Europe, its livelihood dependent upon both regions geopolitical boundaries, East Central Europe is thought to be a buffer for the two. However, since the fall of the Soviet Union this region has sought economic growth through democratization, market economies, andRead MoreGermany : The German Problem1418 Words   |  6 PagesEllie Smith Dr. Faegri POSC 344.03 September 5, 2014 Part One: Key Terms The German Problem: The German Problem occurred prior to World War I, when Germany’s neighboring states feared the fast-growing economy and expansion of Germany after Otto Van Bismarck had unified it. Germany posed a threat to the rest of Europe because it had the potential to dominate empires that had controlled Europe for centuries. The â€Å"German Problem† is significant because it was never resolved. The Versailles Treaty tookRead MoreNationalism As A Cause Of World War I1477 Words   |  6 Pagespatriotism, fueled the actions of many countries heading into World War I. Before the war, nationalism had swept through the world, most notably playing a role in other important events in history such as the French Revolution and demise of the Ottoman Empire. Nationalism bound many European nations together through a mutual sharing of language, literature, culture, art, desires for economic power, and ethnic or religious superiority. Such patriotic passion eventually spread into the United States,Read MoreTaking a Look at the Ottoman Empire892 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the end of World War I in 1918, a huge sea change in the geopolitical landscape happened. With what seemed like one fell swoop, the â€Å"Age of Empire† was swept away as the German Empire, Tsarist Russia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire disintegrated. For some it seems that the decline of the Ottoman Empire was the most expected of all of them, having been characterized as â€Å"The Sick Man of Europe† for centuries after its near-domination of the Middle East and large parts of EuropeRead MoreAn Overview of the Greek and Roman Empire1654 Words   |  7 Pagesin making weapons had been established on the large island of Crete, southeast of Greek mainland. The First Greek State was the Mycenae. Mycenaean comes from Mycenae a fortified site in Greece that was first discovered by German archeologist Heinrich Schliemann. After the collapse of Mycenaean civilization Greece entered a difficult period in which the population declined and food production dropped. Homer used stories of the Trojan War to compose the Iliad and the Odyssey which was the first greatRead MoreA Brief Note On The World War II1900 Words   |  8 Pagesmass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres, it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history. The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937, but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations ofRead MoreEssay Bismarck Claims The Credit For German Unification2255 Words   |  10 PagesBismarck Claims The Credit For German Unification In the early 19th Century, the growth of nationalism and the growing economic strength of the German states was very great. The Germans shared a common identity in the form of language race and heritage such as music, literature and poetry. The growing improvements in communications and transport also brought the states one step closer together. The reduction of the number of German states from 365 to 39 states madeRead MoreExplain the Collapse of the Weimar Republic in the Period Up to 19332088 Words   |  9 PagesExplain the collapse of the Weimar Republic in the period up to 1933 The collapse of the Weimar Republic and the subsequent takeover by Adolf Hitler in 1933 was influenced by a wide range of factors. Although the revolution of 1918 resulted in a drastic shift within the German political system, the same could not be said for the social structure, culture and old institutes of Germany. Famously acknowledged as a â€Å"republic born with a hole in its heart† the overturn of the Hohenzollern monarchy in

A home is an important investment Free Essays

A home is an important investment, and the prices reflect this all over the United States. In some states, finding the perfect house for your budget is more difficult than in other, and this has proven to be so in New Jersey. The purpose of this research was to find out the availability of good houses in New Jersey at prices that would be affordable a member of the lower-to-middle income families. We will write a custom essay sample on A home is an important investment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Specifically, a three or four bedroom two-storey house with two bathrooms, equipped with natural gas energy, a basement, separate dining and kitchen, and a large backyard. This proved to be rather difficult in Vineland, New Jersey as most houses of this description any where in the state exceed the $200,000 that is the budget for this project. To begin with, I calculated the amount of down-payment I was able to afford at $7000. Traditionally, down-payments have been 20% (Bruss), but I was able to find a bank that would offer 95% financing with private mortgage insurance (PMI). For a family of four seeking a house with three or four bedrooms and two bathrooms, even with no other parameters, finding one for under $200,000 was difficult. After searching several sites on the internet, newspaper, and calling real-estate agencies, the lowest price located was initially $310,000. Though the one of the lowest-priced on the market, this house did have central heating. It was more than ten years old, however, which was older than I had hoped. I chose the neighborhood Vineland because I sought an area with a good public school system at a location outside of the city. I also sought a place that had low property taxes, but that was difficult to find. The Newark Star-Ledger announced a â€Å"drastic increase in New Jersey property taxes,† declaring that the state has the highest property taxes in all of the United States, averaging $10,000 in 36 municipalities (Donohue). Therefore, finding a house with a reasonable tax rate was a virtual impossibility. These requirements proved to be a challenge since, according to The Daily Journal of Vineland, â€Å"Through the centuries, New Jersey has relied on property taxes to finance schools and local services† (Baldwin). This suggested that the better funded the school system, the higher the property tax would be. It was necessary to find a house of at least three bedrooms as there are two children in this family of four. The four-year-old needs a backyard to play in, preferably one with trees, and a septic tank would be too much to handle. Houses in the suburbs generally have trees in the backyard, (though there were none at that price). I did find a two-story house for that price with a backyard, basement, and three bedrooms, but not in Vineland, and it had only one bathroom (Foxtons). It also had an attractive property tax rate, but the sewer was septic and it was 50 years old. Further searching led to a very nice home in Vineland with all the required amenities, including separate formal living and dining rooms, city sewer, a garage. It also had a fireplace and four bedrooms. The well-funded and vibrant public school system was an added attraction (Vineland Public Schools). It was, however, 31-40 years old and being sold for $269,000. In addition, the property taxes were approximately two times as high as the $200,000 house and the average down-payment was $13,495. (Century 21). The research found that though many opportunities exist to purchase a nice home, one has to be willing to pursue a very diligent and detailed search. Though houses exist that fit the spectrum of buyers’ desires, it is necessary to have a reasonable sum at your disposal for spending on the house of your dreams. It was difficult to find a house that fit the description (three bedrooms, two bathrooms, separate kitchen and dining, basement, central heating, excellent public school system, under ten years old) for as low as $200,000. However, a few nice ones existed for little over $50,000 more. Although the perfect home is yet to be located, I am hopeful that all the possibilities have not yet been exhausted, as the search has brought me closer to my goal. Works Cited Baldwin, Tom. â€Å"Governor Did Little to Ease Property Tax Burden. † The Daily Journal. Vineland. 2004. Available: http://www. thedailyjournal. com/apps/pbcs. dll/ article? AID=/20041115/NEWS01/411150337/1002 Bruss, Robert J. â€Å"How to Buy Real Estate for Nothing Down. † Loans USA. 2004. Available: http://www. 1loansusa. com/articles/Articles06_11_04/news1. html Centruy 21. â€Å"Property Details: Vineland, NJ 08361. † Available: http://www. century21. com/buy/property_detail. aspx? teasers=property-detail- pic+Property+Detail+with+Picturestr_key=31891830bSite=NZip=08361 Donohue, Joe and Tom Hester. â€Å"Drastic Increase in New Jersey Property Taxes. † The (Newark) Star Ledger. 2005. Available: http://www. ire. org/extraextra/archives/000870. html. Foxtons. â€Å"New Brooklyn Road, Berlin† Camden. Available: http://www. thedailyjournal. com/apps/pbcs. dll/article? AID=/20041115/NEWS01/411150 337/1002 Vineland Public Schools. â€Å"Technology. † Author. Available: http://www. vineland. org/ technology/index. htm How to cite A home is an important investment, Papers

Radioisotopes in Medicine free essay sample

Radioisotopes in Medicine Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide diagnostic information about the functioning of a persons specific organs, or to treat them. Diagnostic procedures are now routine. * Radiotherapy can be used to treat some medical conditions, especially cancer, using radiation to weaken or destroy particular targeted cells. * Tens of millions of nuclear medicine procedures are performed each year, and demand for radioisotopes is increasing rapidly. Nuclear Medicine This is a branch of medicine that uses  radiation  to provide information about the functioning of a persons specific organs or to treat disease. In most cases, the information is used by physicians to make a quick, accurate diagnosis of the patients illness. The thyroid, bones, heart, liver and many other organs can be easily imaged, and disorders in their function revealed. In some cases radiation can be used to treat diseased organs, or tumours. Five Nobel Laureates have been intimately involved with the use of radioactive tracers in medicine. We will write a custom essay sample on Radioisotopes in Medicine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Over 10,000 hospitals worldwide use radioisotopes in medicine, and about 90% of the procedures are for diagnosis. The most common radioisotope used in diagnosis is technetium-99, with some 30 million procedures per year, accounting for 80% of all nuclear medicine procedures worldwide. In developed countries (26% of world population) the frequency of diagnostic nuclear medicine is 1. 9% per year, and the frequency of therapy with radioisotopes is about one tenth of this. In the USA there are some 18 million nuclear medicine procedures per year among 311 million people, and in Europe about 10 million among 500 million people. In Australia there are about 560,000 per year among 21 million people, 470,000 of these using reactor isotopes. The use of radiopharmaceuticals in diagnosis is growing at over 10% per year. Nuclear medicine was developed in the 1950s by physicians with an endocrine emphasis, initially using iodine-131 to diagnose and then treat thyroid disease. In recent years specialists have also come from radiology, as dual CT/PET procedures have become established. Computed X-ray tomography (CT) scans and nuclear medicine contribute 36% of the total radiation exposure and 75% of the medical exposure to the US population, according to a US National Council on Radiation Protection Measurements report in 2009. The report showed that Americans’ average total yearly radiation exposure had increased from 3. 6 millisievert to 6. 2 mSv per year since the early 1980s, due to medical-related procedures. (Industrial radiation exposure, including that from nuclear power plants, is less than 0. 1% of overall public radiation exposure. ) Diagnostic techniques in nuclear medicine Diagnostic techniques in nuclear medicine use radioactive tracers which emit gamma rays from within the body. These tracers are generally short-lived isotopes linked to chemical compounds which permit specific physiological processes to be scrutinised. They can be given by injection, inhalation or orally. The first type are where single photons are detected by a gamma camera which can view organs from many different angles. The camera builds up an image from the points from which radiation is emitted; this image is enhanced by a computer and viewed by a physician on a monitor for indications of abnormal conditions. A more recent development is  Positron Emission Tomography  (PET) which is a more precise and sophisticated technique using isotopes produced in a cyclotron. A positron-emitting radionuclide is introduced, usually by injection, and accumulates in the target tissue. As it decays it emits a positron, which promptly combines with a nearby electron resulting in the simultaneous emission of two identifiable gamma rays in opposite directions. These are detected by a PET camera and give very precise indication of their origin. PETs most important clinical role is in oncology, with fluorine-18 as the tracer, since it has proven to be the most accurate non-invasive method of detecting and evaluating most cancers. It is also well used in cardiac and brain imaging. New procedures combine PET with computed X-ray tomography (CT) scans to give co-registration of the two images(PETCT), enabling 30% better diagnosis than with traditional gamma camera alone. It is a very powerful and significant tool which provides unique information on a wide variety of diseases from dementia to cardiovascular disease and cancer (oncology). Positioning of the radiation source within the body makes the fundamental difference between nuclear medicine imaging and other imaging techniques such as x-rays. Gamma imaging by either method described provides a view of the position and concentration of the radioisotope within the body. Organ malfunction can be indicated if the isotope is either partially taken up in the organ (cold spot), or taken up in excess (hot spot). If a series of images is taken over a period of time, an unusual pattern or rate of isotope movement could indicate malfunction in the organ. A distinct advantage of nuclear imaging over x-ray techniques is that both bone and soft tissue can be imaged very successfully.

Roman Mythology essays

Roman Mythology essays Single is an independent word that means freedom, in social terms. Freedom is basically another word for having the time of your life with as little responsibility and as much fun as possible. Socializing with whomever you desire gives you that lack of restrictions, and almost unlimited options in the societal game. In other cases, there comes a time when being single means being lonely and depressed, which becomes a fear to overcome. Rather than sit around all day waiting for things to happen, and they probably wont, you realize that it is time for you to move on and have fun. The article, Single and..., is an article written by a person that wants to motivate the people who are single and not doing anything about it. Not much ever happens to these people and their life is on permanent hold. Its basically telling you to get on up your lazy behind and do something with your life before it is too late. If opportunity is knocking and the door, break it down. Any action brings a feeling of accomplishment. Once you concentrate on the process itself, rather than the outcome of each date, you can learn from mistakes and attempt to correct them in the future. The critique is bias toward women because it seems that women are more likely to put their dating life on hold than men are. That is because women are often raised to wait for things to happen to them, rather than make things happen. Men are usually raised to make things happen. It doesnt mean men cant have it vice versa. The editorial also mentions men, but not as brief as women I definitely agree with the author because I believe an article such as this one will help aid the singles out there looking for some motivation and a brighter day ahead. Meaning that the day after reading this article, they make something happen. Sometimes it works out and sometimes it doesnt, but keeping your head up and being optimistic will hel ...

APA Style Basics

APA Style Basics Traditionally, reports and papers are built on the findings of those who have gone before us. In fact, few solid papers and analyses have been accepted without the backing of secondary sources. However, you will need to cite these sources in a consistent and accepted style, in order to ensure your paper is correctly formatted. The APA style was developed by the American Psychological Association just for this use. Creating a comprehensive system of documentation, and streamlining it into an easy-to-use format, the APA style has become popular with businesses and academics alike. In fact, it is one of the most widely used methods of documentation. In order to use this modern documentation method, you will need to familiarize yourself with APA style. Like any system, it is useless unless properly implemented. You need a tool to help you learn how to correctly cite the sources you use, and a way to make those citations easy and time-effective. Luckily, there is a host of APA style information available to you by way of modern technology. From APA templates to easily inserted sources, you can find software that will implement the intricacies of APA style for you. You can find the best APA formatting software from online companies who specialize in documentation sourcing.

Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biography - Essay Example It was just training and waiting for any war that would erupt. However, I wished there wouldnt be any more wars until I was proven wrong. World War II began, and we were sent to combat. It was scare scary since I have never been in a battlefront. Furthermore, I was in charge of a battalion that was destined to win, so I was subject to minimal mistakes. As a military leader, I had to come up with various strategies for the survival of the whole team. My father, who is your great grandfather, had taught me skills on how to keep strong and never give up since the battalion depended on me for survival. Questions: Which war/wars did you serve in? What was the battles location and what was the battalions mission? Did you in any chance become a war captive? Since you were a leader, were you rewarded for the leadership skills and completion of the mission? Answers: I served in the Second World War as an American soldier. We had to overcome our enemies who at the time were axis powers. We had to support the allies and make sure they won the war. The battle took place in Europe and Asia where most of the enemies were found. However, my team was allocated the European region where we had to support our friendly combatants in the war against the axis powers. During the war, I did not become a captive since I had an extra duty of keeping my battalion safe as a sergeant major. Many soldiers were held captive as a strategy to make us surrender, but I guess I was lucky I did not fall in that category. According to rewards and promotions, I was rewarded after coming back to my home country back in1946. The Sergeant Major of the American army at the time issued me a medal to congratulate my work in the field as both a leader and a fighter. I had completed my mission despite losing 15 army officers in the field. At the time, other agents were al so offered medals and promotions for their continued support and struggle in the field. Questions:

National curriculum frameworks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

National curriculum frameworks - Assignment Example The learning objectives of the literacy framework are â€Å"aligned to 12 strands to demonstrate progression in each strand† (p.171). One of the literacy framework learning objectives for pupils to speak and listen for a variety of purposes and in many contexts; and there are four strands under this objective that will demonstrate progression – (1) speaking, (2) listening and responding, (3) group discussion and interaction and (4) drama (p.171). The second learning objective of the primary national framework for literacy is to â€Å"read and write for a range of purposes on paper and on screen† (p. 171). The progression strands related to this objective are as follows: The learning objectives of the literacy framework are â€Å"aligned to 12 strands to demonstrate progression in each strand† (p.171). One of the literacy framework learning objectives for pupils to speak and listen for a variety of purposes and in many contexts; and there are four strands u nder this objective that will demonstrate progression – (1) speaking, (2) listening and responding, (3) group discussion and interaction and (4) drama (p.171). The second learning objective of the primary national framework for literacy is to â€Å"read and write for a range of purposes on paper and on screen† (p. 171). The progression strands related to this objective are as follows:†¢ â€Å"Word recognition: decoding (reading) and encoding (spelling)†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ â€Å"Word structure and spelling†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ â€Å"Understanding and interpreting texts†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ â€Å"Engaging and responding to texts†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ â€Å"Creating and shaping texts†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ â€Å"Text structure and organization†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ â€Å"Sentence structure and punctuation†The literacy framework demonstrates that literacy skills, particularly reading and writing, need to be applied in all subject areas; including numeracy. The Speaking and listening statutory requir ements are also present in the literacy framework.The numeracy framework was renewed as well in 2006 with improvements observable in simplified learning objectives and a broad overview of the primary phase mathematics curriculum. Unlike the literacy framework, the mathematics frameworks contain seven strands that demonstrate progression which is aligned to the learning objectives.  ... One of the literacy framework learning objectives for pupils to speak and listen for a variety of purposes and in many contexts; and there are four strands under this objective that will demonstrate progression – (1) speaking, (2) listening and responding, (3) group discussion and interaction and (4) drama (p.171). The second learning objective of the primary national framework for literacy is to â€Å"read and write for a range of purposes on paper and on screen† (p. 171). The progression strands related to this objective are as follows: â€Å"Word recognition : decoding (reading) and encoding (spelling)† â€Å"Word structure and spelling† â€Å"Understanding and interpreting texts† â€Å"Engaging and responding to texts† â€Å"Creating and shaping texts† â€Å"Text structure and organisation† â€Å"Sentence structure and punctuation† â€Å"Presentation† The literacy framework demonstrates that literacy skills, pa rticularly reading and writing, need to be applied in all subject areas; including numeracy. The Speaking and listening statutory requirements are also present in the literacy framework. The numeracy framework was renewed as well in 2006 with improvements observable in simplified learning objectives and a broad overview of the primary phase mathematics curriculum. Unlike the literacy framework, the mathematics frameworks contains seven strands that demonstrate progression which are aligned to the learning objectives. The seven strands of the mathematics framework is (1) using and applying mathematics, (2) counting and understanding number, (3) knowing and using number facts, (4) calculating, (5) understanding shape, (6) measuring, and (7) handling data (p. 172). Teaching programmes,

IMF World Bank And Chinas Role Global Governance Politics Essay

IMF World Bank And Chinas Role Global Governance Politics Essay This study will explain how these international organizations are changing and why there are differences in how the two organizations (IMF World Bank) are developing. Constructivist approach to the study of international organizations as actors, it is argued that an understanding of international organizations as bureaucracies with varying degrees of autonomy will contribute to a deeper understanding of their behavior. There are three central International Organizations (IOs) involved in regulating and coordinating the global economy; the International Monetary Fund (IMF or the Fund), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO). But I am only going to discuss the role of IMF, World Bank and Chinas role in Global Governance. Since the end of the Second World War, when most of todays more important IOs were created the environment in which these organizations operate has undergone some significant changes impacting on the roles they are to fulfill and the expectations place d on them. The larger process of globalization has generally meant more work for IOs, more states joining, and expansion into new areas previously considered domestic issues. So, the idea is that in new era organizations like IMF and World Bank have become more important in governing the global economy. So, the IOs can be seen as part of an international system where such organizations act as intervening variables in international affairs but also influence the interests of states, in a mutually constituting environment.  [1]   In creating an IO, states also necessarily grant some level of autonomy in order for the organization to work effectively.  [2]  Naturally some states will have more influence in an organization than others but an IO needs to find a balance between the interests of its members and the organizations interests in promoting its mission and continued existence. The roles of the IMF and the World Bank have changed since their creation and the dismantling of the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s. The increased importance of these organizations has meant different things for the organizations and they have developed their own unique way, yet they are still involved in the larger task of regulating the global economy. In some ways these organizations now also have a greater involvement in the domestic policies of the states. Those for example need to lend money or want to be part of the global trade regime. Importantly their membership numbers have also increased greatly since the end of the Cold War. However, if these organizations are perceive as being in the business of performing tasks that impinge on the sovereignty of states, in some ways fulfilling a governance function at the international level then we arguably need to look closer on how they are accountable to member states (shareholders) and people affected by their policies (Stakeholders). This becomes even more important since it is clear that often the states mostly affected by their policies. Developing countries, are the states with little input in these IOs, to an extent by design, have a degree of autonomy in developing solutions for problems and agenda setting  [3]  . The study of IOs in international relations takes place against a background of theoretical disagreement between rationalists and constructivists. From mainstream international relations perspectives, which are rationalist in character, IOs traditionally have not been seen as relevant actors in the international arena. IOs are primarily seen as tools for states with no independent interests and no relevant autonomy. At best from a neo-liberal perspective you could say that the existence of IOs can have a pacifying impact on state behavior increasing the likelihood of international cooperation. Rationalist theories are focused primarily on states and why states create IOs in the first place. State interest in rationalist theories is largely seen as predetermined while in a constructivist view more emphasis is placed on the importance of changing norms and ideas. Constructivists argue those ideas, principles and an actors perceived identity influence behavior  [4]  . International Organizations as Agents of Change IOs are designed to facilitate state cooperation but often also to uphold a given set of rules, norms and practices. These norms and rules are of course designed by states and are subject to change if states wish it. One state alone however will have a hard time bringing about significant changes. Cooperation and reciprocal treatment is usually necessary to reach some form of consensus on what norms should prevail. IOs can here also be seen as important facilitators of change as they develop new solutions and policies, within general borders of what is acceptable to their principals. In this view state interests can be seen as derived from both the domestic level and the international level where numerous actors more or less important and involved in shaping and reshaping internationally held norms and rules. IOs are sites of interaction where such norms are shaped, but not exclusively by the states as experts and staff are also highly involved. When an organization has become more e stablished it can be seen as an actor in itself, working to promote tasks delegated to it. In the process of doing this the organization needs to solve problems and develop solutions that can be acceptable to member-states and other clients. So, IOs are generally treated as something positive and are seen to promote peace and international cooperation. The fact that IOs often have a liberal orientation, promoting issues like human rights and free trade adds to the positive view of IOs. A view of IOs as bureaucracies however provides insight into how IOs can sometimes fail due to internal dysfunction  [5]  . In addition IOs have traditionally not been famous for their democratic organization and transparency. Treating them as bureaucracies could provide insights into their legitimacy and how they change to improve their legitimacy in the face of increasing criticism. Four characteristics of modern bureaucracies relevant to understanding IOs as actors are organizational hierarchy, continuity, impersonality and expertise  [6]  . The impersonal character of bureaucracies means that there is a focus on rules that contribute to the image of bureaucratic organizations as impartial and depoliticized. Ideally, as pointed out by rationalists, IOs could be seen as impartial organizations administrating and carrying out the will of their members. This is a view that IOs themselves are often happy to promote  [7]  . Bureaucratic culture is a concept that is useful in understanding why organizations choose one solution over another or why they develop in a certain way. Bureaucratic rules are an integral part of this. Rules and guiding principles will be specific to an organization depending on its area of expertise. Rules will reflect underlying norms and principles and define how the organization interprets problems. They can be both explicit, like operating procedures internal to the organization, and implicit rules and norms guiding staff as to how an issue should be approached. Barnett and Finnemore pointed out some effects of bureaucratic rules that can be of interest  [8]  . Internal rules prescribe how an organization interprets problems so that the organization can respond to issues in an effective manner. Rules, often produced by the organization, also define how other actors should behave. Such rules, as part of the bureaucratic culture of an IO, also influence how staff interprets the world around them and how new problems are dealt with. A further argument is that such rules also contributes to a classification of issues in a way that fits the organization that then influences how others understand those issues, thus having a constitutive effect. For example rules on trade are defined at the WTO which then serves as a standard for others. The World Bank develops solutions to problems of poverty and development which prescribe future action by themselves and others. Rules and principles at an organization are also constitutive of the organization s identity in that they define what the values of the organization are. In addition to this, a contribution to bureaucratic culture at IOs, are their different areas of expertise and what kind of people work there. The IEIs are economically oriented organizations working within the areas of international trade, development and poverty alleviation, and financial issues. Traditionally, although this is changing slowly, these organizations have been staffed primarily with individuals educated and experienced within these fields. While this is quite natural it also contributes to what can be called epistemic communities in these organizations. This can have both positive as well as negative effects. It is positive in that it contributes to effectiveness and expertise, but it also limits critical and alternative input. It may lead to dysfunctional behavior because of unwillingness to take in alternative ideas and information  [9]  . The bureaucratic culture thus informs how staff und erstands and interprets problems, as well as what problems they see. This also suggests that IOs may develop their interests over time as long as it is within the general frames of the original mission. Interpretation is necessary from the beginning as IOs are often given broad mission goals like promoting financial stability which the then has to be turned into a manageable set of goals  [10]  . Authority and Autonomy As bureaucracies IOs also have authority  [11]  . The fact that they have been delegated their responsibility by states is central but there are different dimensions to IOs authority as well. Their bureaucratic character as well as other characteristics of IOs contributes to their independent authority and also to autonomy. IOs autonomy is an issue that has been discussed in trying to account for what has been called mission creep in IOs. One way of explaining autonomous IO behavior and such mission creep that fits within the rationalist perspective, is by focusing on the distribution of information between an agent and its principals  [12]  . It can be argued that IOs have access to more information than their principals which they then use to further their own interest. Despite this IOs may have an informational advantage in certain issue areas that they may, but not necessarily will, use. But important point here is that; why would IOs have diverging interests from that of their members? As suggested above, seeing IOs as bureaucracies provide us with insights as to why IOs may develop their interests. IOs often have normative goals that they try to advance. Member-states would however in the rationalist view have a central role in defining the mission and underlying norms. For example the creation of conditionality on loans and the promotion of increased transparency in member-states by the IMF and the World Bank have produced both resistance from some states and support from other states. States of course have mechanisms to keep IOs in check, primarily by having representatives at the organization  [13]  . Evaluation mechanisms at IOs also serve the function of keeping states informed. While states may have an interest in limiting transparency at IOs in some cases, increased transparency could also be seen as a positive development to improve state control of the organization and accountability of the organization towards member-states. In being bureaucracies, IOs have a rational-legal character, they are authorities because they have been delegated this authority but also because of their bureaucratic organization and expertise. The IMF is seen as the guarantor for international financial stability, the World Bank as a central IO working for development. IOs are often perceived as promoting the general welfare of their members, which they have to balance against particular interests of member-states. These sources of authority contribute to IOs being authorities in themselves and also consequently contribute to their autonomy. IOs are not of course autonomous or nor can they likely be entirely autonomous. Analysis of the Discussion There are various perspectives on IOs, and how we should understand them as actors? The arguments reflect that IOs are relevant actors, and although they are set up by states and states as their principals can have a degree of autonomy in them. This does not mean that IOs should be considered independent actors or they are making up their own interests as they go. IOs will likely have different degrees of autonomy depending on the original design by states for their functioning, but autonomy can also come from other sources. Like organizations expertise and informational advantage can contribute to autonomy in some cases. The expansion of the IEIs in the light of globalization has lead some to argue that these organizations constitute an elitist system of governance unaccountable to both member-states and people affected by their policies. This simplified picture is not really helpful in understanding the roles that the IEIs play in the international political economy or the environm ent in which they operate. In many ways the IEIs have been successful in pursuing their missions of trade and financial liberalization  [14]  . They have been able to adapt to a changing environment and find new issues to deal with as others have become less important. They have also persisted through various crises and have been central in solving problems. This reflects a concern over how these organizations are accountable to both shareholders and stakeholders and the character of the developing system of global economic governance. Legitimacy of this system should base on output oriented logic. In this way its effectiveness will matter the most. Furthermore, the inclusion of stakeholders in decision-making could play a prominent role. The International Monetary Fund The IMF as an organization has developed significantly from its creation reflecting the changing needs of member-states and developments in the world economy. The IMF has expanded over the years and has become increasingly engaged in prescribing economic policy for states in a way that was not originally intended  [15]  . The IMF since the 1980s increasingly deals with the domestic economies of states that want to draw from the Funds resources and prescribe economic policy through conditionality requirements on loans to developing countries. The IMF is an expert bureaucratic organization and an authority on international financial issues. To be perceived as an impartial and expert organization is important for the IMF to retain its legitimacy and importance. From the beginning the IMF has had a liberal ideological orientation to promote free movement of capital and contribute to economic growth. That the organization has been primarily staffed with economists in turn also affect how problems are interpreted and what kind of solutions are developed  [16]  . The staff of IMF need to interpret the mission given, identifies problems, and develops solutions that are likely to be successful while being sensitive to the interests of member states. The World Bank The World Bank of today has changed significantly from its origin both in its organization and in the policies it promotes. The Bank, like the IMF, has conditions attached to most of its loans and has moved further into previously domestic issues in order to pursue its mission of poverty alleviation and development. Originally the World Bank consisted of only one institution, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). With time a number of auxiliary organizations were created; the International Financial Corporation (IFC) in 1956; the International Development Association (IDA) in 1960; the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in 1966; and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) in 1988. These together form the World Bank Group, while the IBRD and IDA are usually referred to as just the World Bank or simply the Bank. Unlike the IMF the Bank (IBRD) provides project specific long-term loans, but also development polic y loans to support institutional and policy change in borrowing countries. Although now strongly influenced by similar economic ideals as the IMF, the Bank has previously promoted and supported various development models  [17]  . In the 1980-90s the Bank became more engaged in issues of institutional and policy change in borrowing countries  [18]  . The organization has continuously been a target for criticism by NGOs and various other critics. But the World Bank has however changed more quickly and in slightly different ways than the IMF in response to legitimacy critique. How to Share Responsibility Before going further in the discussion of global governance, we need to understand the concept of power first. Following could be the important factors to determine a states power: geographical extension, population and military capacity etc. Considering this, and in order to achieve a democratic sharing of responsibilities on the principle of one person one vote. Now is the time when US and EU should really recognize the shift of economic power, energy power and of GDP power to Asia and other emerging economies. After the rise of China, US and EU should think about the other powers in developing countries. The world is progressing day by day and world powers should realize this change. As world is shifting very quickly and many countries are approaching them for forcing them to play their neutral role for the betterment of the world. The US and EU need to think of making IMF and World Bank more open and give representation to the developing countries of the world. If they are not going to act wisely, then there is possibility that other growing countries get frustrated soon and try to create their own multilateral institutions like IMF and World Bank. They could change the situation by giving up from their longstanding monopolies for appointing heads for the IMF and World Bank. (Traditionally Europe names IMF Director General and the US the h ead of the WB). EU and US should adopt the global changing economic reality and give up the leadership of World Bank and IMF for their own good  [19]  . Chinas Role in Global Governance China is rapidly integrating into the international system, but still a new player in global governance while the EU and its member states have rich experience in global governance. General literature on Chinas growing international importance is abundant; but there is still only a limited understanding of the motivations, targets and limitations driving Chinas participation in global governance. According to the literature there are four global governance arenas as key research areas, namely climate change, energy, trade, and development because they are global issues of particular concern for both Europe and China. It is most important to consider that mutual understanding and dialogue are indispensable tools for constructing global governance structures for the world. Since the onset of the financial crisis there have been suggestions to form a Group of Two (G-2) consisting of the United States and China. This proposal is based on the facts that China is the largest creditor of the US, the US is Chinas biggest export destination, and the strong interdependence of their two economies provides a foundation for joint action that can shape the global economy. This thinking is tempting when the Group of Eight is seen as reflecting an outdated balance of power and the Group of 20 is considered too diluted to respond to global challenges. Yet a G-2 would give a false assumption about stronger global governance and China would probably not deliver in such a format. We can say it like this [The] steady and fast growth of Chinas economy is in itself an important contribution to global financial stability. Or look at the closing statement of the National Peoples Congress: We have prepared enough backup firepower to deal with potential greater difficulties, a nd new stimulus packages, if necessary, will be launched.  [20]   Some Chinese are flattered by the suggestion of a G-2. It suggests China is a global power. But on the other hand Chinese realize that they are not yet ready for this. It could have another dimension and that it could be a potential trap for China that could expose it on the world stage. China is active in international reform with focus on internal growth and active foreign policy in financial and monetary matters. China is on the center court of international decision-making to protect a system of economic globalization that has provided China with many benefits. That is reflected in diplomatic efforts undertaken with regard to financial reform and the International Monetary Fund, as well as floating suggestions regarding a new reserve currency. Chinas foreign policy is still deeply rooted in non-interference and at its best conflict-avoidance. The US-China relationship is one of the most important bilateral relationships. There is need for tight coordination between the US and Chi na. Yet, to turn that into a G-2 will create an illusion of global governance that will not deliver on its promise. Is China Prepared for Global Leadership? Few years ago, some in the West warned of Chinas coming collapse but now, almost all hopes for global economic recovery are pinned on China, the only major economy still enjoying growth during the current global financial crisis. China has long sought to make others believe that it is one of the greatest countries on the planet. But China is not yet ready to take the leaders role, as it is a revisionist rather than revolutionary state. Chinas effective response enhances its image as the savior of a struggling global economy. Therefore, its proposals for the international economic order have attracted attention. President Hu Jintao became the star of the London Summit. Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of Chinas central bank, also won world wide fame for his suggested new international reserve currency, managed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), to replace the US dollar. Chinas new offer of a loan to the IMF was also considered a step toward raising its voice in the international financ ial institutions (IFIs)  [21]  . Although China undoubtedly wields significant economic and political influence, its society contains the fundamental weaknesses of an underdeveloped country. It still has far to go to be a global leader in quantity and quality. With its domestic focus, Chinas government does not think it is time to take primary responsibility for global prosperity and stability. But China can still be more active in global governance and the G20 is an appropriate forum for China to exert its influence on global issues. Chinas rising power enhances the effectiveness of the G20 because a stronger China will improve the power balance in the group, as well as its legitimacy. Here there is no need to deny the differences between the advanced and emerging economies. The developed world is always willing to forget how countries became developed. For instance, developed countries claim that developing countries are stealing their intellectual property and that all countr ies need the strictest regulations to protect their intellectual property, overlooking the fact that they have control of most of it and that they were also imitating and copying during their development process. These differences, as well as Chinas power, help to ensure that the G20 will be a democratic and balanced forum for countries in various stages of development to revise the existing global economic system. Critical Analysis of Chinas Position for Global Governance China has brought forward ideas on the reform of the international institutions. But it is not trying to overturn the existing system and does not yet have its own blueprint for future global governance. It is trying only to reform some deficiencies that conflict with its own interests and values, as China is not yet in a position to take on the responsibility to lead. Moreover, China has enjoyed unprecedented growth under the current system. With regard to global economic governance, it will take into account the interests and requests of developing countries and reduce the control of industrialized countries. China also shares many common interests with the developed world. Cooperation rather than confrontation will help China achieve its goal of revising the international economic order. Because China has benefited much from its WTO membership, and the economic downturn has demonstrated that the Chinese economy still depends heavily on foreign demand, China needs to take a more ag gressive and accommodating stance in the coming negotiations, for instance, by offering more radical market-opening commitments in services and agriculture. On sustainable development, however, China is more defensive. The United States and the European Union have proposed a carbon tariff, which China strongly opposes. For China, this proposal ignores the differences between developed and developing countries for the historical responsibility of climate change, as well as regarding their present levels of development. Here, China again has a strong sense of identity as a developing country. Although it is excited by its acceptance as a major world power, China is not yet prepared to take a leading role in assuming responsibility for global prosperity. In terms of its economic and political development, it is still a developing country. China has therefore neither the capability nor the willingness to establish a new international system to replace the existing one. China, rather, us es the current system, while trying to change parts of it to sustain its own interests. This rising China is revisionist rather than revolutionary, and will help the recovery of the global economy and the reform of international economic order. Globally, I think China should actively participate in global governance constructive. From a longer-term perspective, China should participate in many global issues such as climate change and food security, and offer suggestions with vision. The world power shift has been happening in a peaceful way, without wars. But in reshaping international economic and financial territories, trade wars and protectionism are threats China and other countries must face. China is rapidly integrating into the international system, but still a new player in global governance while the EU and its member states have rich experience in global governance. While general literature on Chinas growing international importance is abundant, there is still only a limit ed understanding of the motivations, targets and limitations driving Chinas participation in global governance. The rise of China will undoubtedly be one of the great dramas of the twenty-first century. Chinas extraordinary economic growth and active diplomacy are already transforming East Asia, and future decades will see even greater increases in Chinese power and influence. But exactly how this drama will play out is an open question. Will China overthrow the existing order or become a part of it? And what, if anything, can the United States do to maintain its position as China rises? Conclusion The size and rapid growth of China, together with its increasing assertiveness, represent a challenge to the established global order. The dynamics and the future impacts of these power shifts for global governance and Chinas rise will create tensions varies according to the ways in which the basic interests of China and Western countries clash. Correspondingly, China has been playing a responsible, cooperative and constructive role in many areas. We can find contributions from China at nearly every big global or regional occasion. But meanwhile, Chinas domestic economic measures have helped create opportunities for other countries. In this way, the stimulus package has been designed and implemented in a balanced way. China is against trade protectionism and actively participating in redesigning international financial institutions. And the efforts are gradually delivering results. We can say China, as a growing power, is playing its role well. It is a suggestion that China should wo rk more aggressively to establish partnerships with international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. On the other hand some states will have more influence in an organization than others but an IO needs to find a balance between the interests of its members and the organizations interests in promoting its mission and continued existence. The US and EU need to think of making IMF and World Bank more open and give representation to the developing countries of the world. Chinas new activism should be encouraged as part of its transformation into a responsible stakeholder. A strengthened partnership and contribution from China can, in turn, boost its role and performance globally. At the same time, Chinas partnership with the United States is very important. The bilateral partnership is the key to the success of Chinas role on the global stage. The Western countries are losing power, and we have to admit the US has been severely affected by the financi al crisis. However, the US is still a robust society. Its high-tech industry is still leading its economy. Furthermore, economic cooperation between the US and China is much needed but world governance is still about more than economics.

College Essay (Soccer)

As a senior, my team and I take our first step onto the turf field; we go on as a family that is striving to bring home the cup. This is my first, yet last chance to do this. The heat from the turf moves through my cleats and onto my feet. The intensity of the sun is shining straight down on me and the sweat is just beginning to start. Then my mind rewinds back to those few words that crushed me terribly last year coming from the varsity soccer coach, â€Å"I think it’d be best if you played on junior varsity this season. I spent countless nights being angry that I did not make varsity and I felt somewhat like a loser because I was a junior playing on the JV team. After a few weeks, I figured it was pointless to feel pity for myself and decided that I was going to show everyone how great I could be. Soccer has been my addiction since I was five and nothing could ever replace the desire for it. My father taught me the rules and coached me; I was set on making sure I knew every aspect of the game, attempting to perfect every skill. I was in complete disbelief when I was not put on the varsity squad, I thought I was good.I knew I had to get better because there is always room for progress. My first step was to improve my physical condition by running and lifting. Running was something that I dreaded to do every day, but knew it was so vital to do. I absolutely despised running, every time I wanted to stop I would just think, â€Å"A starter wouldn’t stop running until they’ve reached the end†. Lifting weights was an activity that I found enjoyable and did not mind doing. Besides exercising, I spent numerous hours working on my ball skills; juggling, controlling, and passing everything a starting player should be precise at.Finally, after many long months, my hard work had paid off. During tryouts I showed everyone that I was a zealous and determined player, taking practice serious and hustling for every drill. The varsity coach awarded me with a starting position for the team my senior year. My determined work ethic, initiative and discipline helped me to get where I am now. To this day I continue to work hard at every practice, even though I am starter. Slacking off is not an option for me. I have applied this lesson to many areas in my life including school work, sports and volunteer work. I am not a quitter and am never satisfied until I achieve my goals.

ESL Lesson Plan Intensive Reading Exercise

The following lesson focuses on reading intensively, in other words, understanding every word. Generally, teachers tend to ask students to read quickly for a general understanding. This method of reading is called extensive reading and is very helpful in getting students to deal with large chunks of information. However, at times students do need to understand details and this is when intensive reading is appropriate. Aim Developing intensive reading skills, vocabulary improvements concerning fine differences between related vocabulary terms Activity Intensive reading exercise in which each sentence must be read very carefully to discover mistakes and inconsistencies of syntax Level Upper-intermediate Outline Discuss different types of reading skills with students: Extensive reading: reading for pleasure with emphasis on general understandingIntensive reading: reading carefully for an exact understanding of text. Necessary for contracts, legal documentation, application forms, etc.Skimming: quickly looking through text to get an idea of what the text concerns. Used when reading magazines, newspaper articles etc.Scanning: locating specific information in a text. Usually used in timetables, charts, etc. Ask students to give examples of when they employ the various reading skills. This part of the discussion can serve to raise awareness concerning the fact that it is not always necessary to understand every word. Pass out handout and have students get into groups of 3-4. Ask students to read one sentence of the stories at a time and decide what is wrong with the sentences in terms of vocabulary (contradictions). Follow-up with a class discussion about the various problems with the text. Have students get back into their groups and try to substitute appropriate vocabulary for the incongruencies. As homework, ask students to write their own Whats Wrong? story which will then be exchanged with other students as a follow-up activity to the lesson in the next class period. What's Wrong? This exercise focuses on intensive reading. Read one sentence at a time and find the inappropriate vocabulary mistake or contradiction. All errors are in the choice of vocabulary NOT in grammar. Jack Forest is a baker who always provides his customers with tough meat. Last Tuesday, Mrs Brown came into the shop and asked for three fillets of brown bread. Unfortunately, Jack only had two fillets remaining. He excused Mrs Brown and promised her that he would have too much bread the next time she came. Mrs Brown, being a reliable customer, assured Jack that she would return. Later that day, Jack was sealing the shop when he the phone sang. It was Mrs Brown requiring if Jack had baked another slice of brown bread. Jack said, As a matter of truth, I burnt some extra loaves a few hours ago. Would you like me to bring one buy?. Mrs Brown said she would and so Jack got into his bike and road to Mrs Browns to deliver the third pound of brown toast.My favorite reptile is the Cheetah. It is truly an amazing creature which can trot at a top speed of 60 m.p.h.! Ive always wanted to go to the cool planes of Africa to see the Cheetah in action. I imagine it would be a disappointing experien ce looking at those Cheetah run. A few weeks ago, I was watching a National Geographic special on the radio and my wife said, Why dont we go to Africa next summer?. I hopped for joy! Thats a lousy idea!, I stated. Well, next week our plain leaves for Africa and I can hardly imagine that we are going to Africa at first.Frank Sinatra was an infamous singer, known throughout the world. He was a novice at singing in the crooning style. During the 50s and 60s grunge music was very popular throughout clubs in the US. Las Vegaswas one of Frank Sinatras favorite squares to sing. He often traveled into Las Vegas from his hut in the woods to perform in the evening. Audiences inevitably booed as he sang encore after encore to the delight of international fans from around the county.

Liquidity Risk Sovereign Risk And Sub Prime Crisis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1486 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? It is said that when the U.S. sneezes everyone catches a cold. This motto has never been truer than nowadays when the world economy is struggling with one of the biggest financial crises ever. Such a crisis happened after risky loans granted in the U.S. reached alarming proportions. The US financial sector entered a grave credit crisis after a strong speculation in the real estate industry. The situation worsened with the bankruptcy of world financial giants such as Lehman Brothers and AIG in 2008. At the center of the subprime crisis there is an excessive liquidity risk, the risk that the market would be unable to turn investments into money cheaply, quickly, and at a fairly predictable price. It is opportune to highlight that the rise of liquidity risk had its roots in two linked phenomenons. Firstly, commercial banks lost their typical function of collecting and converting savings into productive investments which would generate funding liquidity for investo rs. Secondly, the noteworthy development of the so-called Shadow Banking System, a innovative financial engineering used by financial institutions which rivaled a fragile banking system and, created easier credit conditions by avoiding public-sector backstops and regulation (Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2010) Ever since the US government decreased the cost of money to foster its economy after the September 11, financial intermediaries have played a role that all investors took advantage of: to create new financial instruments to manage and hedge risk for instance counter-party and default risk in the case of CDS (Credit Default Swap), by using a traditional market such as credit. Banks converted long-term assets such as mortgages and loans into marketable securities exchanged and sold to capital market investors (securitization) (Langley, 2010, 78). This financial practice made investors double their money and became very popular. In fact, over the last decade innovative assets such as subprime mortgages-backed securities (MBS) increased from $52 billion in 2000 to over $507 billion in 2005 (Eerden, 2009, 130). However, when the US housing market experienced a fall due to rising loan-defaults of low-credit-rating borrowers (classified as subprime), the value of the underlying assets of MBS and other structured asset-backed securities such as CDO (Collateralized Debt Obligation) dropped dramatically over a short period causing heavy losses. CDS were the last straw. Given that they were new financial instruments which lacked of government regulations and schemes to determine their value, price movements and the speed at which investors could dispose of their assets changed rapidly. Thus liquidity risk rose since assets prices and loss-values were unpredictable. Uncertainty on loss exposure made these assets go for sale quickly and drained liquidity from the market by causing volatility and insolvency. Investors were clearly not interested in these assets anymore and this led to one of the main sources of liquidity crises (Nikolaou, 2009, 4): market incompleteness, a situation where there are no markets on which financial assets can be easily traded because of the lack of buyers and therefore the ability to hedge liquidity risk is very low. On the other hand, what contributed to boost liquidity risk was also the asymmetric information between CDO issuers and potential buyers. Due to a structured finance, CDO issuers were the only players who were able to analyze the value and risk level of the assets underlying CDOs (Beltran and Thomas, 2010, 21). Not only did buyers not have enough information and tools to explore the value of these innovative and structured securities, but they were also exposed to a mispricing risk, due to altered ratings from qualified agencies such as Moodys, Standard and Poors and Fitch which increased their profits by overrating the value and quality of CDOs. Although liquidity risk occurs in the banking sector of a country, it is intimately related to the governments risk such as sovereign risk. Unlike corporations, governments can discretionally issue laws and policies that allow them to break, within their jurisdictions, debt contracts. This happens by declaring default or restructuring unilaterally the contract terms (extending deadlines or modifying yields) on determined securities of the public debt. When the market experiences massive liquidity falls, governments represent the first line of defense through central banks which are required to intervene by ensuring large amounts of capital to lending institutions in order to meet their investors needs. During episodes such as the subprime crisis featured by illiquidity amongst financial institutions, governments make great efforts by using public spending and might run into debt with increasing fiscal liabilities and budget deficit (Arghyrou and Kontonikas, 2010, 6). Lenders may start fearing the possibility that a sove reign government, in which they invested, may default because of its incapacity to fund its debt and ask for massive international bail-outs as happened for bankrupted Greece. Increasing fears that the government would not be able to refinance the banking system raise what is called sovereign risk. Therefore liquidity risk is one of the main components that influence sovereign risk. Since investors bear higher risk due to potential defaults, they demanded higher yield premiums on sovereign bonds and this makes the debt even more expensive and the probabilities of default risk rise. This justifies the high 10-year bond yields that some peripheral EU countries at stake such as Ireland with 7.14 percent and Portugal with 6.11 percent are now facing (Financial Times, 2/11/2010) Furthermore, fluctuating exchange rates experienced over the last few years (e.g. UK currency), increased sovereign risk since the risk of collapse of financial markets caused by illiquidity hit a large market such as bond markets. In fact as Arghyrou and Kontonikas (2010, 3) state, the EMU debt crisis can be seen as a currency crisis in disguise Within the eurozone, one of the countries that has been little damaged by the liquidity crisis is Italy. Italy has traditionally been featured by a prudent credit system and an above-average saving propension. Therefore banks finance themselves by having recourse to clientele deposits as funding source. Furthermore, unlike the US, loans can only be granted to those with high credit ratings who prove to be able to meet their obligations. Moreover borrowers can obtain loans only if they meet the income requirement. Therefore it is right to speak of prime loans and not subprime loans. As soon as the liquidity shortfall became an insolvency crisis, the Italian Government, in agreement with the Central Bank, swiftly intervened by paying special attention at the undeserving institutions with the highest insolvency. In order to ensure liquidity in the financial system, the Government has introduced the so-called Tremonti Bonds, which are bonds issued by Italian banks and underwritten by the Italian Treasury with the aim of enhancing banks core equity capital and supporting the supply of credit towards families and businesses. In addition, as other EU central banks, the Italian Central bank has followed the new policies established by Basel and the European Union. According to Nout Wellink, chairman of the Basel Committee on banking supervision, global regulators will not finish their package of capital surcharges and other safety measures for banks deemed too big to fail until mid 2010-11 (Financial Times, 20/10/2010). Throughout the crisis the world regulators such as Central Banks, the European Central Bank (ECB), and Federal Reserve (FR) have been strongly committed to provide unlimited liquidity in the banking sector and guarantee non- insolvency crises. Furthermore, the ECB, in order to prevent the Euro-zone fro m potential defaults and give more peace of mind to investors, created a ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬750 billion fund for EMU countries that might be at stake within the next three years (Arghyrou and Kontonikas, 2010, 10). In order to support credit towards businesses and households, according to the 2009 ECB report, the monetary policy has been eased with unprecedented measures: unlimited liquidity provision at the key interest rate of 1 percent, extended the average deadline for refinancing operations, broadened the range of assets accepted as collateral which implies that banks will have access to central banks liquidity more easily. Moreover, the ECB and other central banks provided liquidity in other currencies such as US dollars. Overseas, the FR has responded with an aggressive monetary policy ever since August 2007 by reducing the federal fund rate from 5,25 percent to effectively zero (Federal Reserve, 5/2/2010). The illiquidity has been tackled with the implementat ion of two special liquidity schemes such as The Term Auction Facility and The Term Security Lending Facility. The first, designated for depositary institutions, consists of auctioning funds, such as collateralized short-term loans, to safe institutions. The second allows investors to exchange collateral with less risky assets such as Treasury securities. Over the last decade, developed countries lived well beyond their possibilities whilst until the end of the last century it was common to spend in accordance to income. However, in most recent years overspending became popular by recurring to loans in order not to make any renunciation. The economy based on real data, labor, and productivity has been replaced by a creative finance. The new financial engineering gave life to authentic monsters, such as financial intermediate practices mostly aimed at selling worthless and unmarketable tools whose usage has been too irresponsible. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Liquidity Risk Sovereign Risk And Sub Prime Crisis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order